Journal of Reproduction & Infertility

Journal of Reproduction & Infertility

Molecular and Serological Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 in Pregnant Women of Gorgan City, North East of Iran

Authors
Seyyede Delafruz Hosseini 1
Mohammad Yasaghi 2
Elham Mobasheri 3
Hadi Razavi Nikoo 4
Alijan Tabarraei 2
1 Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gothingen, Iran
2 Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
3 Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
4 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
10.18502/jri.v24i1.11907
Abstract
Background: As one of the most widespread sexually transmitted infections, Herpes Simplex Virus (HSVs) globally account for 60-95% of persistent infections in adults. This infection is prevalent in women of gestational age and is likely to be transmitted from the infected mother to her neonate. Additionally, it gives rise to devastating complications in neonates. This study was designed to estimate the molecular and serological prevalence of HSV-1 and 2 in pregnant women of Gorgan city, North East of Iran. Methods: Vaginal secretions and blood specimens of 315 pregnant women referred to an educational hospital in the North east of Iran were tested for HSV-1 and HSV-2 using multiplex PCR and ELISA assays. Chi-Square test was utilized to evaluate the association of qualitative variables and the level of significance was set at p≤0.05. Moreover, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V.19.0. Results: HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA was detected in 5.7% and 8.3% of participants, respectively. Given the serological analyses of total HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies, 92.7% (239/315) of patients were IgG positive and 5.4% (17/315) were IgM positive. Conclusion: The rate of HSV-1 and 2 in the present study was lower than that reported by World Health Organization (WHO). This study emphasizes the conduction of further investigations on HSVs since these viruses are probably playing significant role in sexually transmitted infections.
Keywords
HSV
1
2
Iran
Pregnant women
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Szczubiałka K, Pyrć K, Nowakowska M. In search for effective and definitive treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections. RSC Advan. 2016;6(2):1058-75.
Ruderfer D, Krilov LR., Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2. Pediatr Rev. 2015;36(2):86-90.
Hammad WAB, Konje JC. Herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy–an update. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021;259:38-45.
Khadr L, Harfouche M, Omori R, Schwarzer G, Chemaitelly H, Abu-Raddad LJ. The epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 in Asia: systematic review, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(5):757-72.
Marchi S, Trombetta CM, Gasparini R, Temperton N, Montomoli E. Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in Italy: a seroprevalence study from 2000 to 2014. J Prev Med Hyg. 2017;58(1):E27-E33.
Bradley H, Markowitz LE, Gibson T, McQuillan GM. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2—United States, 1999–2010. J Infect Dis. 2014;209(3):325-33.
Pebody RG, Andrews N, Brown D, Gopal R, De Melker H, François G, et al. The seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in Europe. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80(3):185-91.
Sert UY, Ozgu-Erdinc AS, Saygan S, Engin-Ustun Y. Herpes simplex infection during pregnancy, results of a tertiary referral center in Turkey. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2020;224(1):22-5.
Wang C, Zhou YH, Yang HX, Poon LC. Intrauterine vertical transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2: what we know so far. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;55(6):724-5.
Lima L, Padalecki G, Castro C, Cordeiro J, de Paula V. Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus type 2 in a reference center for pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Virus Rev Res. 2017;22(1):20-1.
Kimberlin DW. Neonatal herpes simplex infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(1):1-13.
Patton ME, Bernstein K, Liu G, Zaidi A, Markowitz LE. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 among pregnant women and sexually active, nonpregnant women in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;67(10):1535-42.
James SH, Kimberlin DW. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2015;29(3):391-400.
Tookey PA, Mahdavi S, Peckham CS. Surveillance of neonatal herpes in the British Isles 2004-2006. F1000Research, 2020;9(163):163.
Mahant S, Hall M, Schondelmeyer AC, Berry JG, Kimberlin DW, Shah SS. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection among medicaid-enrolled children: 2009-2015. Pediatrics. 2019;143(4):e20183233.
Samies NL, James SH. Prevention and treatment of neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. Antiviral Res. 2020;176:104721.
Aggerholm BS, Ostenfeld EB, Andersen LH, Krogh RH, Arendt LH, Sandager P. [Genital herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2020;182(5):V09190527. Danish.
Looker KJ, Magaret AS, May MT, Turner KM, Vickerman P, Gottlieb SL, et al. Global and regional estimates of prevalent and incident herpes simplex virus type 1 infections in 2012. PloS One. 2015;10(10):e0140765.
Kahlon J, Whitley RJ. Antibody response of the newborn after herpes simplex virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1988;158(5):925-33.
Woestenberg PJ, Tjhie JH, de Melker HE, van der Klis FR, van Bergen JE, van der Sande MA, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in the Netherlands: seroprevalence, risk factors and changes during a 12-year period. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:364.
Yasaghi M, Hosseini SD, Moradi A, Hassanpour M, Tabarraei A. Molecular detection of HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-5 and HBV in semen of fertile and infertile men by multiplex PCR method. Iran J Microbiol. 2022;14(6):921-7.
Malary M, Abedi G, Hamzehgardeshi Z, Afshari M, Moosazadeh M. The prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection in Iran: a meta-analysis. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2016;14(10):615-24.
Monavari SH, Vaziri MS, Khalili M, Shamsi-Shahrabadi M, Keyvani H, Mollaei H, et al. Asymptomatic seminal infection of herpes simplex virus: impact on male infertility. J Biomed Res. 2013;27(1):56-61.
Mohammed MS, Y.E. Yousif, and N. Hisham, Al Tayeb. Molecular Detection of Herpes Simplex-1 and 2 Viruses among Pregnant Women in Khartoum State (Sudan). African J Med Sci. 2020;5(7).
Rezaei-Chaparpordi S, Assmar M, Amirmozafari N, Modiri L, Massiha A, Shokri-Fashtali S, et al. Seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in northern iran. Iran J Public Health. 2012;41(8):75-9.
Mehta SD, Nandi D, Agingu W, Green SJ, Bhaumik DK, Bailey RC, et al. Vaginal and penile microbiome associations with herpes simplex virus type 2 in women and their male sex partners. J Infect Dis. 2022;226(4):644-54.
Wald A, Langenberg AG, Krantz E, Douglas Jr JM, Handsfield HH, DiCarlo RP, et al. The relationship between condom use and herpes simplex virus acquisition. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(10):707-13.
Martin ET, Krantz E, Gottlieb SL, Magaret AS, Langenberg A, Stanberry L, et al. A pooled analysis of the effect of condoms in preventing HSV-2 acquisition. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(13):1233-40.
Wald A, Langenberg AG, Link K, Izu AE, Ashley R, Warren T, et al. Effect of condoms on reducing the transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 from men to women. JAMA. 2001;285(24):3100-6.
Goyal S, Prabhu SS. Condom herpes: an interesting entity. Iran J Dermatol. 2022;25(1):70-3.
Nagot N, Ouedraogo A, Defer MC, Vallo R, Mayaud P, Van de Perre P. Association between bacterial vaginosis and Herpes simplex virus type-2 infection: implications for HIV acquisition studies. Sex Transm Infect. 2007;83(5):365-8.
Cherpes TL, Melan MA, Kant JA, Cosentino LA, Meyn LA, Hillier SL. Genital tract shedding of herpes simplex virus type 2 in women: effects of hormonal contraception, bacterial vaginosis, and vaginal group B Streptococcus colonization. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(10):1422-8.
Abbai NS, Govender S, Nyirenda M. Herpes simplex virus-2 infections in pregnant women from Durban, South Africa: prevalence, risk factors and co-infection with HIV-1. South African J Infect Dis. 2018;33(5):1-7.
Sharma P, Ganga RT. A study to assess the prevalence of Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) infections in pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital. Int J Health Sci. 2022;6(S1):11938-45.
Mezher MN, Mejbel FA, Hussein HK. Detection of Herpes Simplex-2 Virus in Women with Spontaneous Abortion in Al-Najaf City/Iraq. J Pharm Sci Res. 2018;10(1):110-13.
Saheduzzaman M, Sharmin Z, Al Hossain A, Hoque MM, Das MK, Rahman MA. Relation of IgM antibody with Herpes simplex virus type-2 among women with spontaneous abortion and normal delivery. J Brahmanbaria Med College. 2021;3(2):14-7.
Journal of Reproduction & Infertility
Volume 24, Issue 1
Winter 2023
Pages 35-42