Journal of Reproduction & Infertility

Journal of Reproduction & Infertility

Repeated Implantation Failures Following Embryo Transfer

Authors
Saeed Zarei 1
Soheila Arefi 2
Amir Hassan Zarnani 3
Afsaneh Mohammadzadeh 4
Maerefat Ghaffari 4
Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani 5
1 Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran; Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
3 Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avi
4 Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
5 Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
Abstract
In spite of the great deal of research in assisted reproductive techniques, more than 80% of transferred embryos by IVF/ICSI methods fail to be implanted. The causes for repeated implantation failures (RIF) may be reduced endometrial receptivity or other various uterine pathologies, such as thin endometrium, altered expression of adhesive molecules or immuno-logical factors; whereas genetic abnormalities of male or female individuals, sperm defects, embryonic aneuploidy or zona hardening are other etiologies for implantation failures. Clinically, endometriosis, polycystic ovaries and hydrosalpinx may decrease implantation following embryo transfer due to dual disorders in the quality of embryos or endometrium. In this study, probable causes and methods of evaluation for RIF patients have been reviewed and the suggested methods for their treatment, including myomectomy, endometrial stimulation, immunotherapy, hysteroscopy, preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), assisted hatching, zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT), co-culture, blastocyst transfer, cytoplasmic transfer, tailoring stimulation proto-cols, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and salpingectomy for hydrosalpinges have been discussed.
Keywords
Embryo transfer
Hydrosalpinx
IVF/ ICSI
Repeated implantation failure
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Journal of Reproduction & Infertility
Volume 8, Issue 4
Winter 2008
Pages 380-396